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CWCT System Administration

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Microprocessing - Objective 3.5

Given a scenario, install and configure motherboards, CPUs and add-on cards

What is a CPU?

CPU - central processing unit

  • 8 bits == byte
  • machine language
  • general purpose register,
  • intel 8088
  • clock kinda like the doorbell outside the ‘man in a box’
  • many ‘man’ or the cpu, a pipeline or a core, on modern cpu it could be 4 steps or 16 steps
  • to speed up the cpu, its to hit the clock faster.

Quick Review

  • CPU are the chips used to run programs
  • Every CPU has a internal features to process commands
  • Every CPU runs code based on a specific machine language
  • CPUs use pipelines to optimize the processing commands

CPU speeds and cores

  • Herz is one time per second
  • Giga hertz a billion times per second
  • When talking about CPU speed is were taking cpu top speed
  • quartz oscillator acts like a metronone and push the clock
  • motherboards tops out at about 400mhz
  • clock multiplying
  • overclocking - pushing the system
  • multiple cores
  • hyperthreading - one super smart pipleine, that can handle two incoming pcs of codes at the same time,
  • each core acts like its own CPU (most cores and hyperthreading)

Quick Review

  • CPU have a clock speed, commonly measured in GHz(billion cycles/sec)
  • CPU come in primarily two makes: Intel and AMD
  • CPUs take a system speed and multiply it to reach the CPU speed
  • Single CPUs often have multiple cores

Caching

SRAM - faster than regular RAM, expensive, used inside the CPU Every CPU has RAM into it pipeline stall - when a piece of code isnt there comes in three cache,

Level 1 64K of RAM - runs the same speed of CPU Level 2 128K and up - L3 Cache - base motherboard speed

Set Association - how efficient cache

AMD - beleive in big cache, Intel - small cache thats really smart

Quick Review

  • CPU caching works between RAM and the CPU
  • CPU is built into the CPU
  • It’s common to have three caches in a CPU: L1, L2 and L3

32-Bit vs 64-Bit Processing - Objective 1.1

Compare and contrast common operating systems

64 wires in the address bus, 64 bit processors most common today 64 bits gives more memory x86-32 bit = 32 bit x64 = 64 bit

No damage in installing a 32 bit that application cannot use more than 4 GB of RAM

32 bit is alive and well today

Quick Review

  • CPUs come in 32-bit ND 64-bit versions
  • 32-bit CPUs cannot address more than 4 GB of memory
  • Operating systems come in both 32 and 64-bit versions
  • Most 64-bit processors alse run into 32-bit mode

Exam Tip

Install correct version of software for different version of Processor

CPU Sockets

Intel and AMD has different microarchitecture - circuit digram of CPU, photolithography, etching away layers of silicon, using caustic chemicals and creating billions of transistors

Family names, then an ‘i’ model

Intel 1151

  • Nehalem(1st Gen)
  • Sandy Bridge(2nd Gen)
  • Ivy Bridge(3rd Gen)
  • Haswell(4th Gen)
  • Broadwell(5th Gen)
  • Skylake(6th Gen)
  • Kaby Lake(7th Gen)
  • Coffee Lake(8th Gen)

Each new generation will have diffrent sockets

take some time and research the correct CPU and sockets

PGA and LGA

  • Pin Grit Array
  • Land Grit Array

LGA 1151 - the number of pins and gets bigger

Intel: LGA 1151 - mainstream socket up enthusiast LGA 2066 - enthusiast up to high end

AMD AM4 - neck and neck to 1151 TR4 - enthusiast up to high end

Quick Review

  • CPU sockets are the mount where a CPU connects to the motherboard
  • CPUs microarchitectures
  • Many different CPUs come from a single microarchitecture
  • There are specific CPU socket packages covered on the A+

Installing a CPU - Objective 3.5

Given a scneario, install and configure motherboards, CPUs and

Mike is a fan of AMD

AMD montherboard needs an AMD CPU - cannot interchange orientation notch

CPU genertes a lot of Heat to cool it we need - OEM CPU OEM fan Thermal Paste - pulls heat from CPU to cooling system A fan should be really tight, pick up the motherboard using the fan check its tight fitting now connect it to a power - usually labelled for CPU fan RGB lights optional

Quick Review

  • Make sure you have the right socket and speed for your motherboard
  • Always use thermal paste between the CPU and the fan
  • Make sure to power the fan onto your motherboard

Liquid Cooling

  1. Overclock
  2. Less noisy - OEM fan designed to take on more heat, or bigger fan(slower == quieter)

Quick Review

  • Third party fans asre often more efficient than OEM fans
  • Liquid cooling uses a pump, a radiator and a cooling clock with liquid to remove heat
  • Liquid cooling reduces fan noise

RAM Technology - Objective 3.3

Given a scenario, install RAM types

  • SDRAM - synchronous data ram, that have two notches, speed is dependent on cpu, 168 pins
  • DDR SDRAM - double data rate 184 pins
  • DDR2 - cover, 240 pins, sets the standard, long lifespan, has offset
  • DDR3 - has offset
  • DDR4 - has offset, fastest ram in comptiaA+ exam

Quick Review

  • Different motherboards support a specific RAM technology
  • The technologies on the exam are DDR, DDR2, DDR3 and DDR4
  • We measure RAM speeds using DDR or PC ratings
  • Multiply a DDR speed by eiight to get the PC speed

RAM Capacity

  • RAM is a square
  • double sided and single sided - double is more common, look at the motherboard book to make sure
  • channels - dual channel memory is common, motherboard decides - make sure RAM is identical
  • RAM is sold in pairs

Quick Review

  • Every stick of RAM has a specific capacity
  • RAM comes in a single or double-sided versions
  • RAM uses channels which requires RAM sticks to fill the channel
  • RAM should be identical capacity in the same channel

RAM Features

  • Parity vs ECC - Error correction RAM, parity is a little older
  • parity - 1 bad / ECC - 2 bad
  • Some motherboards requires ECC

SO DIMMS

  • for laptaps, smaller size

SPD chip - allows system to query the RAM chip

Quick Review

  • Parity and ECC RAM contain extra chips to check for RAM errors
  • ECC RAM is only for motherboards that support it
  • SO DIMMS are for smaller spaces
  • Almost all RAM has an SPD chip that stores information about the RAM stick
  • Tools like CPU-Z read SPD information

Installing RAM

  • Check motherboard book
  • if not all the RAM is there re install it again, coulbe be a problem with the channel

Quick Review

  • Use the motherboard book to make sure you’re installing the right capacity and RAM speed
  • Line up the notch and drop the RAM straight into the slot
  • Watch when the systme boots to verify the system sees the installed RAM
  • Make sure RAM is fully installed and channels are properly filled